Gender Inequalities And Globalization In Soccer - 1831 Words

Gender Inequalities, and Globalization in Soccer Soccer is a sport that many know and love. It has been globalized through the ages, and has brought many people enjoyment by watching, and playing the sport. While soccer has brought many people from around the world together, it has also driven a wedge between males and females in society. This sport is controversial for many reasons. It brings about controversy because of the fact that some people can clearly identify the separation of equitable treatment between the genders, while others are oblivious to this idea. Many people from around the world have joined in on this topic. This not only shows the connection of globalization to the gender inequalities, but it shows the link between†¦show more content†¦Even though soccer was being played thousands of years ago, the sport didn’t experience mass expansion until it reached England. While the sport was still in early development, rules were not truly implemented whic h brought about some violent behaviors between the players, ultimately resulting in the sport being banned by the king at the time, King Edward III. This ban was set into place around the year of 1365. This ban was introduced to Scotland a few decades later. Around the year of 1424, Scotland s King James I decided that no man will be allowed to play football (â€Å"football† is how many foreign countries have named soccer). For centuries, the activity of the sport seemed to become lost, but there was a resurgence of the sport around the year of 1815, This is where many of the modern rules that are set in place today came into focus. A couple of college universities brought forth a system of rules for the sport which were known as the Cambridge Rules, the original official set of rules for the game. The game had been created with two versions, one in which later became known as rugby, while the other kept the traditional soccer style that many have come to love and enjoy. There was no concrete foundation of soccer until about the year of 1869 when the Football Association banned any type of ball handling with the hands. This is the first look at globalization. British sailors, soldiers,Show MoreRelatedSo Much Inequality in Our World1677 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Inequality Most likely every single person in the world is going though an inequality and suffering from it in the society that we are living in such as racial inequality, gender inequality, income inequality, global inequality, and etc. Even though there are more people today joining organizations or associations to stop inequality than before, social inequality is keep growing. We need to think about why inequality is keep growing and not getting batter as the time goes. Growing inequalityRead MoreThe Globalization Of A Multinational Corporation1725 Words   |  7 Pagesother words, multinational companies are going global. Globalization refers to the unification of world economies by removing barriers to international trade, tariffs, export fees by embracing tolerance, understanding of different cultures and customs. This global reach provides new opportunities to expand and improve their products. Managerial Cultures and Norms of a foreign country Many corporations understand the benefits of globalization of business. From a management view, global workforce isRead MoreGlobalization Of The United States850 Words   |  4 Pagesopposed to third world countries that trail behind. Former U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, stated, â€Å"What is called globalization is really just another name for the dominant role of the United States† (Prompt), proving that globalization sets a fine line between the perks of those fortunate enough in a capitalistic nation and those who are not. The thing about globalization systems is that they have a way of affecting every country, every business, and every person. Author of Longitudes andRead MoreUnderstanding And Changing Social Factors That Affect The Culture And Body Of Sports2358 Words   |  10 Pagesin sports is a feminist issue deserving of research and theory development’’ Harrison and Fahy (2005:702). Many scholars in the study of sociology of sports use feminist theory to understand power and gender relations in the society (Coakley 2009:39). According to Smith [2010:98], issues of gender which are core to social life, have existed for a while in different locations making the concerns of masculinity and femininity essential. Critical feminist theorists have stressed the importance of critiquingRead MoreTheoretical Ethnographic And Conceptual Background2393 Words   |  10 Pagesin sports is a feminist issue deserving of research and theory development’’ (Harrison and Fahy 2005:702 ). Many scholars in the study of sociology of sports use feminist theory to understand power and gender relations (Birrell 2005:61; Coakley 2009:39). According to Smith [2010:98], issues of gender are core to social life and this fact makes the concerns of masculinity and femininity essential. Critical feminist theorists have stressed the importance of critiquing and changing the culture and PfisterRead MoreThe Sociological Concepts Of Globalization And Migration, Performativity And Patriarchal Ideology Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagesnot fit into. They are also social constructs that need to be ‘performed’; they are born from socialization and interaction thus, susceptible to external influences and fluctuations in circumstance. In this essay, the sociological concepts of globalization/ migration, performativity and patriarchal ideology will be explored and applied to show their effects on my aspects of my life. We are all aware that the world is strictly divided into nation-states, separate territorial units, and this has becomeRead MoreGlobalization Sample Questions7882 Words   |  32 Pageswill on the exam From Class #1 1. As described in the first lecture, in GOG/GLO 225 we shall be are looking at four dimensions of globalization. Which of the following is not one of these four? a. Economic b. Cultural c. Educational d. Political 2. Which of the following is geographically part of the south, but in economic and globalization terms is usually considered to be part of the global ‘North’? a. Singapore b. South Africa c. 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Law in Business - 1870 Words

On 15th October 2010 East Midlands Airways (EMA) advertise a second-hand Airbus 321 for sale in an aviation industry trade journal for  £12.5m. Later that same day, Colvin, the Chief Executive Officer of Houston Aviation Ltd, phones EMA’s Managing Director Patricia. Colvin says that his firm would very much like to view the Airbus 321 but that he is off on a 5 day business trip to Dallas, Texas and will not be able to view the aircraft until he returns. Patricia says that if another buyer comes forward she will have to sell the Airbus 321 to that buyer. Colvin then says he will pay  £100,000 if EMA promises not to sell the Airbus 321 to another buyer for the next 5 days. Patricia agrees to this. Analyse whether any contract has been made†¦show more content†¦The view the courts take is that they don’t look into whether the parties actually intended to create a legal agreement but whether they appeared to the reasonable person to have that intention.[5] In Parker v Clark Lord Devlin said ‘ the question (whether or not there is a binding contract) must, of course, depend upon the intention of the parties, to be inferred from the language they use and from the circumstances in which they use it’ In this situation Patricia isn’t legally bound to sell the plane to Colvin however she is legally bound not to sell the plane for five days, as Colvin is to pay EMA. An agreement can also not amount to a contract unless each party gives some ‘consideration’ to the other. In bilateral contracts the consideration of both parties takes the form of a promise to do something in the future.[6] In Currie vs Misa the definition of consideration was made ‘ A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to on party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given, suffered or undertaken by the other.’ Colvin is offering to give  £100,000 in the future and Patricia is offering to not sell the plane for five days. This also fits Sir Frederick Pollocks definition of consideration as being ‘the price of promise.’[7] Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate, it must have some economicShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law3143 Words   |  13 Pages2012 – OCTOBER SEMESTER 2012 STUDENT NAME: CHU THI HONG TUYEN ID No.: 2448481 BMLW5103 – BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Question 1 Discuss the enforceability of an agreement which lacks consideration. 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The federal acts that will be considered are the Family Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), and the Americans withRead MoreLegal Underpinnings Of Business Law1317 Words   |  6 Pages Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Shalanda Burgess Bus670: Legal Environment Instructor Gary Gentry September 14, 2014 â€Æ' Introduction In this paper I will measure how liability exposure differs amongst each business level when business owners and leaders are face with litigation. Tinkers Home Security Service business is being sued by a former client due to a breach of contract. Business Forms According to Seaquist (2012) the most common forms of businesses are Sole proprietorships, PartnershipsRead MoreAcme Fireworks : Business Law2221 Words   |  9 Pages Acme Fireworks Angelica DiMaggio Instructor Malvin BUS311: Business Law May 26, 2016 Acme Fireworks is a reputable fire work company that falls under the form of retailer. In order to gain consumers and sell their products they must put out ground display’s of their fireworks as well as a variety of aerial fireworks, especially their larger products. This company started out as a small family owned business in the back of a man’s garage and as he grew and drew in more consumersRead MoreBusiness Law And Ethics : Backoffice Business Brief1862 Words   |  8 Pages Running head: BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 1 Business Law and Ethics BackOffice Business Brief Patten University BACKOFFICE BUSINESS BRIEF 2 Constitutional Rights and Guarantees BackOffice is a new startup business that will provide potential clients with an application (app) that woul d automate certain business functions. BackOffice will be selling the app to certain business clients that will use it to facilitate their customers’ transactions. It is important that the owner of this companyRead MoreBusiness Law Final Paper2895 Words   |  12 Pages Final Paper – Acme Fireworks As the manager for Acme Fireworks, I have been asked to determine if common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) will govern the contracts entered into by Acme Fireworks. In addition, I am to analyze whether the five essential elements of a contract have been met. Acme Fireworks is currently licensed as a sole proprietorship. As such, I will examine any potential personal liability they may have if a spectator was to get injured during a firework display. FurtherRead MoreBusiness Law Development Of Mongolia2212 Words   |  9 PagesCourse Paper Myagmarsuren Jargal International American University BUS 540: Business Law for Managers Flavia LLoyd June 28, 2015 Business Law Development Issues in Mongolia Mongolia is a developing country, which is encountering challenges to develop modern business law. 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Impact of Change Management on Organizational Effectiveness

Question: One of the more recent issues in management is role of change management in organisational effectiveness. You are to undertake a literature review discussing the impact of change management on organisational effectiveness. The Essay requires: A thorough research and treatment of the contemporary literature in the topic area. A range of references that should demonstrate breadth and depth of research. The incorporation of organisational examples as illustrative evidence. An ability to utilise the wider literature in constructing the narrative is displayed throughout. A display of critical evaluation and diagnostic skills in the choice of the data included. A display of critical evaluation in the choice of the information sources used. Appropriate and accurate use of the Harvard Referencing System. Answer: In the views of Samuel (2013), in this globalized environment, change management has an effect on the organizational effectiveness in a direct or indirect way. In other words, it also can be said that, in current, the overall success as well as growth of an organization totally depends on change management. The main reason behind it is that change management presents competitive advantages, opportunities to utilize available resources, and reduce organizational complexities in a significant way. Along with this, change management play lots of important roles in order to improve the effectiveness of business organizations (Samuel, 2013). Moreover, change management is one of the important aspects of the business. It is because of business firms have need of changes in their operations as well as business activities as a result of rapidly changing or fluctuating business environment. According to Fok-Yew and Ahmad (2014), in today's more mind boggling and aggressive business period, change management give major upper hand to the business firms for the achievement of their center and also key destinations in a successful and a noteworthy way. Along with this, change management permits the business firms to adopt and implement changes in a quick way in order to fulfill the market needs and demands in an effective and a significant manner. Along with this, in current, because of continuous changes in technology, economy trends, and needs or preferences of people, business firms require changes in their business as well as operational activities to maintain the success and growth of organizations in market for the business firms (Fok-Yew and Ahmad, 2014). Moreover, business firms require change management in order to manage these changes in an effective and a proper way. Along with this, it is analyzed by Guimaraes and Armstrong (1998), change management is an organized as well as creative way to deal with managing change from the individual along with hierarchical level. Moreover, by taking into account the case, a realistic strategy to manage change is at the center of every one of the three aspects. Moreover, it is also deciphered that, from the hierarchical purpose of perspectives, change management is about executing and characterizing apparatuses, systems, strategies and/or innovations keeping in mind the end goal to manage changes in the business environment and to benefit from evolving open doors. In addition to this, the principle objective and targets of change is general change and enhancing authoritative viability (Guimaraes and Armstrong, 1998). As a consequence, it is assumed that, change management is a strategy to shifting people, groups, and business firms to a fancied future status. Apart from this, in the words of RadoviĆ¡-MarkoviĆ¡ (2008), in today's focused business environment, it is vital for the associations to roll out improvements in their systems and speculation keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish upper hands, to keep up an aggressive position in the business and hierarchical viability. In this, the use of strategic change management process helps organizations and in addition business firms to include every one of the partners and shareholders in the change procedure successfully for the authoritative viability. Moreover, effective change management process helps the associations to actualize change management methods to accomplish sought future states for the hierarchical viability. In the late time, each association requires proceeds with changes because of vacillations in economy, changes in innovation, business environment, market need and client observations (RadoviĆ¡-MarkoviĆ¡, 2008). Also, change ma nagement has become a vital part of associations in order to survive in competitive market and to improve organizational effectiveness in a proper way. As indicated by Thomas (2014), managers assume real parts in dealing with the change inside the association and accomplish the goals of organizational change. For instance, for the hierarchical viability, supervisor assumes part in arranging; executing, checking and assessment of arrangement identified with change management and contributes into the achievement of the organizational change. Moreover, management of associations change is to be center part of the role of administrators since associations confront a few issues identified with human resource aspect of change (Thomas, 2014). Also, business firms need keeps continuous changes, so the chief or expert ought to be built up it and characterize its obligation or part in change procedure to oversee or control the organizational change. According to Van der Voet (2014), the change management as well as idea of change management within a business and association is required to constant information of the business sector. Along with this, change management plays a major role in order to intend the effective plans to provide desired outcomes to the business organizations. In other words, it can be said that, with the help of change management, business organizations may accomplish desired outcomes and also can accomplish organizational goals as well as objectives in a specified time period. As well, people have their own learning as well as aptitude of change, so it takes a gander at a practice or conveyance from over a significant time span thinks about into change speculations. Additionally, associations require a change with restricted assets with supportable results. The methodology of change management depends on finishing targets (Van der Voet, 2014). Moreover, the people require making restrained and utilizing o f down to earth devices and systems as indicated by the destinations identified with business results. In the views of Belias and Koustelios (2014), change management depends on its present learning with respect to the association change and devices and systems identified with the organizational change. Furthermore, individuals have required profound and wide information or experience of overseeing change else they can't accomplish the outcomes. In addition to this, management assumes significant part in business change. It is actualized procedure and association change identified with the new framework in all specialty units and general association. Moreover, straightforwardly correspondence and honed initiative have a fundamental need of organizational changes (Belias and Koustelios, 2014). Along with this, effective communication as well as coordination among the people of the organization is considered the basic need of effective change management. In words of Fedor and Herold (2004), change management is an imaginative, dynamic and specific process that is about realizing and portraying contraptions, procedures, systems and/or developments remembering the final objective to oversee changes in the business firms and to take advantegs of the available opportunities in an effective and an appropriate way. As a consequence, change management is a system to shifting individuals and rbusiness organizations to a pined for future state. Moreover, change management brings headway, advancement inside the definitive a broad assortment of business procedures, get ready and improve general various leveled viability (Fedor and Herold, 2004). In addition to this, the basic key drivers for the change are advanced technology, competition, increasing advantages earnings, reducing cost of operations, and changing concern of customers. The authors Kuipers, Higgs, Kickert, Tummers, Grandia, and Van der Voet (2014) affirm that in the change management process for the organizational effectiveness, the pioneer enhances the hierarchical execution with the initiative qualities by having Vision, conceiving Mission, defining Objectives and systems to actualize them and in conclusion dissecting the outcomes whether the Goal has been come to refine the procedures. An individual association has restricted assets for change and accomplishes results, so the pioneers accept a key part in using such assets through appropriate management to accomplish results or results. Moreover, the organizational pioneers can just utilize restrained and reasonable instruments and methodologies as indicated by the targets identified with business results (Kuipers, Higgs, Kickert, Tummers, Grandia, and Van der Voet, 2014). In the meantime, in the strategic change management process, the authoritative pioneers fill in according to hierarchical rea ctions to the changes in the business environment. It implies pioneers utilize the administration attributes and abilities and evaluate qualities and shortcomings of the association and open doors and dangers in the environment. As a consequence, authority keeps up supportability and upper hand, to accomplish authoritative targets through strategic change management. It is investigated by Moses (2015) that pioneers assume significant part in decreasing the apprehension of individuals, diminishing pessimistic symptom and propelling individuals to bolster or include in hierarchical change. For example, the hierarchical pioneers speak with individuals and legitimately characterize mission, vision and destinations of authoritative change that helps the hierarchical individuals to comprehend the need of progress and their part in change. Furthermore, authority or pioneers also expect significant part in building up a reasonable comprehension of representatives in regards to the imperative and need of change within association (Moses, 2015). Additionally, the pioneers also oversee culture of association amid hierarchical change and authoritative change by utilizing great basic leadership aptitude, correspondence expertise, group building capacity, impacting others execution abilities, unravel struggle capacity, inspiration and objective setting capacit y to keep up society of association amid change. Moreover, the hierarchical pioneers are centered on deliberately amid managing organizational culture in usage of change. Moreover, it is also found by Yoshihito, Ban and Holgun-Veras (2014) that arranged and spontaneous changes are the imperative methodologies that bring authoritative advancement and hierarchical adequacy. For instance, arranged change enhances hierarchical execution, bring authoritative advancement and diminish hierarchical blunders. Be that as it may, change management in a spontaneous way would influence the execution and achievement of the associations adversely. In the meantime, it is also essential to realize that, change management enhances hierarchical expenditure by giving a considerable measure of unmistakable and elusive advantages. For instance, change management enhances hierarchical decadence through adjusts existing assets inside the association (Yoshihito, Ban and Holgun-Veras, 2014). Along with this, change management agrees to business organizations so they can assess the general consequences of a change at the effectiveness of the organization. On the other hand, Gersick (1991) expresses that employee performance increases at what time employees of the organizations feel relax and also able to understand the change procedure in a proper way. Moreover, change management also improves the skills of the people; so they may predict difficulties and also react in view of that. Also, an effective change management process plays a critical role in order to expose the major threats that are related to the business and also reveal the costs that the firm may pay if it does not adopt as well as implement change in a specific time period (Gersick, 1991). Moreover, a change management plan allows organization to diminish the expense of the organization properly. In the words of Moynihan, Pandey and Wright, (2012) an organizational change management plan give power to organizations so they can grow in the difficult business environment. Along with this, with the help of change management, business firms become able to develop a collection of best practices to maintain development as well as improvement within organizations. Change management assumes a significant part in tending to the worries of workers permits associations to be more proficient and viable. In addition to this, a change management plan permits business firms to address business barriers effectively; so they can improve organizational effectiveness in a proper way (Moynihan, Pandey and Wright, 2012). In addition to this, an effectual change management plan considers what people and groups need keeping in mind the end goal to keep doing their occupations and keep up everyday operations without recognizable contrary impacts. In summing up, change management offers innovative ideas as well as growth opportunities to the business organizations. Moreover, change management can be an effective approach in order to reduce all the business barriers in an effective way. In addition to this, with the help of effective change management, business organizations become able to deal with problems or weaknesses and to capture the opportunities for the growth as well as success of the business firms. Also, change management is helpful to business firms in order to recognize the major cause of change at the workplace (Wang, Oh, Courtright andColbert, 2011). For this reason, it is assumed that, change management plays a considerable role in order to improve the effectiveness as well as competence of the business organizations in a significant and a more comprehensive manner. References Belias, D. and Koustelios, A. (2014). The impact of leadership and change management strategy on organizational culture. European Scientific Journal, 10(7), pp. 451-470. Fedor, D.B. and Herold, D.M. (2004). Effects of change and change management on employee responses: an overview of results from multiple studies. In Tappi Fall Technical Conference, 1, pp. 1-12. Fok-Yew, O. and Ahmad, H. (2014). The Effect of Change Management on Operational Excellence moderated by Commitment to Change: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 9(2), pp.615. Gersick, C. J. (1991). Revolutionary change theories: A multilevel exploration of the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of management review, 16(1), 10-36. Guimaraes, T. and Armstrong, C. (1998). Empirically testing the impact of change management effectiveness on company performance. European Journal of Innovation Management, 1(2), pp.74-84. Kuipers, B.S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J. and Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 92(1), pp.1-20. Moses, O.S. (2015). Implication of Change Management on Organizational Effectiveness. International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM), 3(2), pp. 2321-3418. Moynihan, D. P., Pandey, S. K. and Wright, B. E. (2012). Setting the table: How transformational leadership fosters performance information use. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(1), 143-164. RadoviĆ¡-MarkoviĆ¡, M. (2008). Effective Organizational Change Management. Serbian Journal of Management, 3 (1), pp. 119-125. Samuel, K. (2013). The Effects of Change Management in An Organization: A Case Study of National University of Rwanda (Nur). Wyno Journal of Management Business Studies, 1(1), pp.1-18. Thomas, O.O. (2014). Change Management and its Effects on Organizational Performance of Nigerian Telecoms Industries: Empirical Insight from Airtel Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 1(1), pp.170-179. Van der Voet, J. (2014). The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure. European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.373-382. Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H. and Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Group Organization Management, 36(2), 223-270. Yushimito, W. F., Ban, X. and Holgun-Veras, J. (2014). A two-stage optimization model for staggered work hours. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, 18(4), 410-425.

Paradox of Samsungs Rise free essay sample

The Paradox of Samsungs Rise, examines the strategic management decisions that ed to Samsungs emergence as one of the worlds most successful companies from an ordinary original equipment manufacturer Just 30 years ago. Samsung Electronics transformed itself through a new management initiative in 1993 that combined Western best-practices with essentially Japanese management methods to produce a highly profitable hybrid system, resulting in recording breaking profits of Sl billion on $138 billion in revenue in 2010. As todays emerging giants face the challenge of moving beyond their home markets, they have much to learn from the path breaking xperience of South Koreas Samsung Group, arguably the most successful globalizer of the previous generation. Abstract: Twenty years ago, few people would have predicted that Samsung could transform itself from a low-cost original equipment manufacturer to a world leader in RD, marketing, and design, with a brand more valuable than Pepsi, Nike, or American Express. We will write a custom essay sample on Paradox of Samsungs Rise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fewer still would have predicted the success of the path it has taken. For two decades now, Samsung has been grafting western business pracuces onto Its essentlally Japanese system, comDlnlng Its traaltlonal low-cost manuTacturlng rowess with an ability to bring high-quality, high-margin branded products swiftly to market. Like Samsung, todays emerging giants†Haier in China, Infosys in India, and in Turkey, for instance†face a paradox: their continued success requires turning away from what made them successful. The tightly integrated business systems that have worked in their home markets are unlikely to secure their future in global markets. Samsung has steadily navigated this paradox to transcend its initial success in its home markets and move onto the world stage. To move to the next evel, they, too, must reinvent themselves in ways that may seem contradictory. And when they reach new plateaus, they will need to do so again. For seven years, we have traced Samsungs progress as it has steadily navigated this paradox to transcend its initial success in its home markets and move onto the world stage. It is a story we believe holds many important lessons for the current generation of emerging giants seeking to do the same. The Rise of a World Leader: The two sets of business practices could not have seemed more incompatible. Into an organization focused on continuous process improvement, Samsung introduced a ocus on innovation. Into a homogeneous workforce, Samsung introduced outsiders who could not speak the language and were unfamiliar with the companys culture. Into a Confucian tradition of reverence for elders, Samsung introduced merit pay and promotion, putting some young people in positions of authority over their elders. It has been a path marked by both disorienting disequilibrium and intense exhilaration. Founded in 1938, the Samsung Group is the largest corporate entity in South Korea, with $227. 3 billion in revenue in 2010 and 31 5,000 employees worldwide. Best known or its flagship, Samsung Electronics (SEC)†producer of semiconductors, cell phones, TVs, and LCD panels†the groups highly diversified businesses span a wide range of industries, including financial services, information technology services, machinery, shipbuilding, and chemicals. By 1987, when Lee Kun-Hee succeeded his father as only the second chairman in the companys history, Samsung was the leader in Korea in most of its markets. But its overseas position as a low-cost producer was becoming untenable in the face of intensifying competition from Japanese electronics makers, which were setting up anufacturing plants in Southeast Asia, and rising domestic wages in South Koreas newly liberalizing economy. In the early 1990s, Lee spotted an opportunity in the reluctance of Japanese companies†the analog market leaders†to adopt digital technology, which consumers were flocking to in cameras, audio equipment, and other electronic products. This opened the door for Samsung to surpass its rivals if it developed the aglllty, Innovativeness, ana creat lvlty Success Mantra: Hybrid strategy- Mix and Match of Japanese strategy and Western Strategy. to succ In tne new Olglta I market. Implementation of western strategy on Japanese strategy.

Romanticism in Frankenstein Essays

Romanticism in Frankenstein Essays Romanticism in Frankenstein Essay Romanticism in Frankenstein Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is heavily influenced by romantic themes that present themselves throughout the text. Pressures brought on by the industrial revolution set in motion many significant changes to civilization at that time and created the movement know as romanticism. These social and political issues of the time in which the story was written played a large part in the overall subject matter. Environmental changes brought on by large populations congregating in cities with unhealthy living conditions along with the destruction of natural habitat led to disenchantment with the modern age. People began to revere nature and viewed it as the zenith of existence, whereas previously establishments such as religion or government were seen as the pinnacles of society. Victor signifies the views prevalent during the industrial revolution on life, wherein he sees only value of what he is to create, and does not take into consideration the unnatural implications. He is obsessed with accumulating knowledge of natural philosophy and lives a life isolated and alone as he grapples with the intricacies of his endeavor. But that is only so he can use it to surpass the boundaries of the natural world. He views life with a purely scientific perspective, which is counter intuitive to romantic principles. This leads to all of the sorrow which he experiences throughout the tale and is a lesson on the dangers of such values. The explorer Walton, whom Victor is attempting to dissuade from attempts at surpassing human limits, is himself on an expedition to try and conquer nature. Although he too will find that he is unable to triumph over the limitations God has set forth. The very monster Victor creates is a representation of romantic ideology early in the story, being able to live peacefully in nature and revel in all that he observes. But the monster soon regresses into a dark, gothic creature based on his interactions with human kind and the harsh treatment and situations he is exposed to. The monster eventually vows a vendetta on all of mankind and is representative of the harm that can come about through the creation of such an unnatural thing. The natural surroundings of the characters often plays a large role in their state of mind and overall mental well being. Victor uses the picturesque landscape of the mountains to try and escape the agony in which he is living following the murder of his brother and execution of his falsely accused iller. The monster relates to Victor many of his experiences while living in the wilderness with awe and pleasure. The proclamation that the monster makes about living in the wilds of South America with no one but his female counterpart shows that all he needs or desires can be found outside of civilized society. Shelley ultimately has a distaste of all things that are not in accord with the natural workings of our world and this view is apparent throughout her story Frankenstein. It appears that she places far more value on inter-personal relationships than on the pursuit of absolute knowledge.

The Complete IB Biology Syllabus SL and HL

The Complete IB Biology Syllabus SL and HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Oh, IB Biology. I took IB Biology SL back in my high school days. If you are looking at this syllabus, you're likely interested in taking the course or are currently enrolled in the course. In this article, I will go over the topics covered in IB Biology Standard Level and IB Biology Higher Level, as well as the number of hours dedicated to each topic along with what the IB expects you to understand for each topic. IB Biology SL and HL Core Both IB Biology SL and HL consist of the same core requirements (95 hours). Both classes cover the same six topics in the order listed below with the same subtopics listed below: Topic 1: Cell Biology- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Introduction to cells 1.1 According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells. Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell. Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size. Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components. Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms. Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome. The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses. Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscopes. Membrane structure 1.3 Phospholipids form bilayers in water due to the amphipathic properties of phospholipid molecules. Membrane proteins are diverse in terms of structure, position in the membrane and function. Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes. Membrane transport 1.4 Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport. The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis. Vesicles move materials within cells. The origin of cells 1.5 Cells can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells. The first cells must have arisen from non-living material. The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory. Cell division 1.6 Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis. Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and animal cells. Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle. Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumours. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Topic 2: Molecular Biology- 21 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Molecules to metabolism 2.1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved. Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist. Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism. Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers. Water 2.2 Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them. Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water. Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Carbohydrates and lipids 2.3 Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers. Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers. Triglycerides are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol. Proteins 2.4 Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides. There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes. Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes. A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together. The amino acid sequence determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein. Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions. Every individual has a unique proteome. Enzymes 2.5 Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind. Enzyme catalysis involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes. Enzymes can be denatured. Immobilized enzymes are widely used in industry. Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6 The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands present, the base composition and the type of pentose. DNA is a double helix made of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs. DNA replication, transcription and translation 2.7 The replication of DNA is semi-conservative and depends on complementary base pairing. Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds. DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template. Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase. Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes. The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code. Codons of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide. Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA. Cell respiration 2.8 Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP. ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell. Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose. Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose. Photosynthesis 2.9 Photosynthesis is the production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy. Visible light has a range of wavelengths with violet the shortest wavelength and red the longest. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light most effectively and reflects green light more than other colours. Oxygen is produced in photosynthesis from the photolysis of water. Energy is needed to produce carbohydrates and other carbon compounds from carbon dioxide. Temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration are possible limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis. Topic 3: Genetics- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Genes 3.1 A gene is a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. A gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome. The various specific forms of a gene are alleles. Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases. New alleles are formed by mutation. The genome is the whole of the genetic information of an organism. The entire base sequence of human genes was sequenced in the Human Genome Project. Chromosomes 3.2 Prokaryotes have one chromosome consisting of a circular DNA molecule. Some prokaryotes also have plasmids but eukaryotes do not. Eukaryote chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with histone proteins. In a eukaryote species there are different chromosomes that carry different genes. Homologous chromosomes carry the same sequence of genes but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes. Diploid nuclei have pairs of homologous chromosomes. Haploid nuclei have one chromosome of each pair. The number of chromosomes is a characteristic feature of members of a species. A karyogram shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes and autosomes are chromosomes that do not determine sex. Meiosis 3.3 One diploid nucleus divides by meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei. The halving of the chromosome number allows a sexual life cycle with fusion of gametes. DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids. The early stages of meiosis involve pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over followed by condensation. Orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes prior to separation is random. Separation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in the first division of meiosis halves the chromosome number. Crossing over and random orientation promotes genetic variation. Fusion of gametes from different parents promotes genetic variation. Inheritance 3.4 Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance with experiments in which large numbers of pea plants were crossed. Gametes are haploid so contain only one allele of each gene. The two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis. Fusion of gametes results in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles but co-dominant alleles have joint effects. Many genetic diseases in humans are due to recessive alleles of autosomal genes, although some genetic diseases are due to dominant or co-dominant alleles. Some genetic diseases are sex-linked. The pattern of inheritance is different with sex-linked genes due to their location on sex chromosomes. Many genetic diseases have been identified in humans but most are very rare. Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer. Genetic modification and biotechnology 3.5 Gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size. PCR can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA. DNA profiling involves comparison of DNA. Genetic modification is carried out by gene transfer between species. Clones are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell. Many plant species and some animal species have natural methods of cloning. Animals can be cloned at the embryo stage by breaking up the embryo into more than one group of cells. Methods have been developed for cloning adult animals using differentiated cells. Topic 4: Ecology- 12 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Species, communities and ecosystems 4.1 Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations. Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods). Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion. Detritivores are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion. Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion. A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other. A community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environment. Autotrophs obtain inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment. The supply of inorganic nutrients is maintained by nutrient cycling. Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time. Energy flow 4.2 Most ecosystems rely on a supply of energy from sunlight. Light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds by photosynthesis. Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding. Energy released from carbon compounds by respiration is used in living organisms and converted to heat. Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy. Heat is lost from ecosystems. Energy losses between trophic levels restrict the length of food chains and the biomass of higher trophic levels. Carbon cycling 4.3 Autotrophs convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and other carbon compounds. In aquatic ecosystems carbon is present as dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate ions. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere or water into autotrophs. Carbon dioxide is produced by respiration and diffuses out of organisms into water or the atmosphere. Methane is produced from organic matter in anaerobic conditions by methanogenic archaeans and some diffuses into the atmosphere or accumulates in the ground. Methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere. Peat forms when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of acidic and/or anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils. Partially decomposed organic matter from past geological eras was converted either into coal or into oil and gas that accumulate in porous rocks. Carbon dioxide is produced by the combustion of biomass and fossilized organic matter. Animals such as reef-building corals and mollusca have hard parts that are composed of calcium carbonate and can become fossilized in limestone. Climate change 4.4 Carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most significant greenhouse gases. Other gases including methane and nitrogen oxides have less impact. The impact of a gas depends on its ability to absorb long wave radiation as well as on its concentration in the atmosphere. The warmed Earth emits longer wavelength radiation (heat). Longer wave radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases that retain the heat in the atmosphere. Global temperatures and climate patterns are influenced by concentrations of greenhouse gases. There is a correlation between rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide since the start of the industrial revolution 200 years ago and average global temperatures. Recent increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are largely due to increases in the combustion of fossilized organic matter. Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity- 12 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Evidence for evolution 5.1 Evolution occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change. The fossil record provides evidence for evolution. Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution. Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function. Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution. Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence. Natural selection 5.2 Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species. Mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction cause variation between individuals in a species. Adaptations are characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life. Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring. Individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring. Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species. Classification of biodiversity 5.3 The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses. When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system. Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa. All organisms are classified into three domains. The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species. Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species. Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group. Cladistics 5.4 A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. Evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein. Sequence differences accumulate gradually so there is a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Traits can be analogous or homologous. Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades. Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species. Topic 6: Human Physiology- 20 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Digestion and absorption 6.1 The contraction of circular and longitudinal muscle of the small intestine mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut. The pancreas secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine. Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine. Villi increase the surface area of epithelium over which absorption is carried out. Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins. Different methods of membrane transport are required to absorb different nutrients. The blood system 6.2 Arteries convey blood at high pressure from the ventricles to the tissues of the body. Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibres in their walls. The muscle and elastic fibres assist in maintaining blood pressure between pump cycles. Blood flows through tissues in capillaries. Capillaries have permeable walls that allow exchange of materials between cells in the tissue and the blood in the capillary. Veins collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart. Valves in veins and the heart ensure circulation of blood by preventing backflow. There is a separate circulation for the lungs. The heart beat is initiated by a group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node. The sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker. The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal that stimulates contraction as it is propagated through the walls of the atria and then the walls of the ventricles. The heart rate can be increased or decreased by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain. Epinephrine increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity. Defense against infectious disease 6.3 The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease. Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting. Clotting factors are released from platelets. The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin. Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases. Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity. Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance. Gas exchange 6.4 Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries. Type I pneumocytes are extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange. Type II pneumocytes secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension. Air is carried to the lungs in the trachea and bronchi and then to the alveoli in bronchioles. Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them. Different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract. Neurons and synapses 6.5 Neurons transmit electrical impulses. The myelination of nerve fibres allows for saltatory conduction. Neurons pump sodium and potassium ions across their membranes to generate a resting potential. An action potential consists of depolarization and repolarization of the neuron. Nerve impulses are action potentials propagated along the axons of neurons. Propagation of nerve impulses is the result of local currents that cause each successive part of the axon to reach the threshold potential. Synapses are junctions between neurons and between neurons and receptor or effector cells. When presynaptic neurons are depolarized they release a neurotransmitter into the synapse. A nerve impulse is only initiated if the threshold potential is reached. Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction 6.6 Insulin and glucagon are secreted by ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ ± cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentration. Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature. Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissue and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite. Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms. A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone. Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty. The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones. Additional Higher Level Topics Only students taking IB Biology HL cover these topics. They consist of 60 hours of study. Topic 7: Nucleic Acids- 9 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand DNA structure and replication (HL ONLY) 7.1 Nucleosomes help to supercoil the DNA. DNA structure suggested a mechanism for DNA replication. DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a primer. DNA replication is continuous on the leading strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand. DNA replication is carried out by a complex system of enzymes. Some regions of DNA do not code for proteins but have other important functions. Transcription and gene expression (HL ONLY) 7.2 Transcription occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction. Nucleosomes help to regulate transcription in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells modify mRNA after transcription. Splicing of mRNA increases the number of different proteins an organism can produce. Gene expression is regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA. The environment of a cell and of an organism has an impact on gene expression. Translation (HL ONLY) 7.3 Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process. Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events. Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes. Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane. The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure. The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonding. The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups. The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Want to get better grades and test scores? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Topic 8: Metabolism, Cell Respiration, and Photosynthesis- 14 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Metabolism (HL ONLY) 8.1 Metabolic pathways consist of chains and cycles of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions that they catalyse. Enzyme inhibitors can be competitive or non-competitive. Metabolic pathways can be controlled by end-product inhibition. Cell respiration (HL ONLY) 8.2 Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers. Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen. In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction. In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide. Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD. Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping. In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP. Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water. The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs. Photosynthesis (HL ONLY) 8.3 Light-dependent reactions take place in the intermembrane space of the thylakoids. Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. Reduced NADP and ATP are produced in the light-dependent reactions. Absorption of light by photosystems generates excited electrons. Photolysis of water generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions. Transfer of excited electrons occurs between carriers in thylakoid membranes. Excited electrons from Photosystem II are used to contribute to generate a proton gradient. ATP synthase in thylakoids generates ATP using the proton gradient. Excited electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP. In the light-independent reactions a carboxylase catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate. Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using reduced NADP and ATP. Triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates. Ribulose bisphosphate is reformed using ATP. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis. Topic 9: Plant Biology- 13 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Transport in the xylem of plants (HL ONLY) 9.1 Transpiration is the inevitable consequence of gas exchange in the leaf. Plants transport water from the roots to the leaves to replace losses from transpiration. The cohesive property of water and the structure of the xylem vessels allow transport under tension. The adhesive property of water and evaporation generate tension forces in leaf cell walls. Active uptake of mineral ions in the roots causes absorption of water by osmosis. Transport in the phloem of plants (HL ONLY) 9.2 Plants transport organic compounds from sources to sinks. Incompressibility of water allows transport along hydrostatic pressure gradients. Active transport is used to load organic compounds into phloem sieve tubes at the source. High concentrations of solutes in the phloem at the source lead to water uptake by osmosis. Raised hydrostatic pressure causes the contents of the phloem to flow towards sinks. Growth in plants (HL ONLY) 9.3 Undifferentiated cells in the meristems of plants allow indeterminate growth. Mitosis and cell division in the shoot apex provide cells needed for extension of the stem and development of leaves. Plant hormones control growth in the shoot apex. Plant shoots respond to the environment by tropisms. Auxin efflux pumps can set up concentration gradients of auxin in plant tissue. Auxin influences cell growth rates by changing the pattern of gene expression. Reproduction in plants (HL ONLY) 9.4 Flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex. The switch to flowering is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants. Success in plant reproduction depends on pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal. Most flowering plants use mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual reproduction. Topic #10: Genetics and Evolution- 8 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Meiosis (HL ONLY) 10.1 Chromosomes replicate in interphase before meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of DNA material between non-sister homologous chromatids. Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes of the haploid cells. Chiasmata formation between non-sister chromatids can result in an exchange of alleles. Homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis I. Sister chromatids separate in meiosis II. Independent assortment of genes is due to the random orientation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I. Inheritance (HL ONLY) 10.2 Gene loci are said to be linked if on the same chromosome. Unlinked genes segregate independently as a result of meiosis. Variation can be discrete or continuous. The phenotypes of polygenic characteristics tend to show continuous variation. Chi-squared tests are used to determine whether the difference between an observed and expected frequency distribution is statistically significant. Gene pools and speciation (HL ONLY) 10.3 A gene pool consists of all the genes and their different alleles, present in an interbreeding population. Evolution requires that allele frequencies change with time in populations. Reproductive isolation of populations can be temporal, behavioural or geographic. Speciation due to divergence of isolated populations can be gradual. Speciation can occur abruptly. Topic 11: Animal Physiology- 16 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Antibody production and vaccination (HL ONLY) 11.1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells. Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers. B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals. Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. Plasma cells secrete antibodies. Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens. White cells release histamine in response to allergens. Histamines cause allergic symptoms. Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells. Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease. Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells. Movement (HL ONLY) 11.2 Bones and exoskeletons provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers. Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others. Movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs. Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleate and contain specialized endoplasmic reticulum. Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils. Each myofibril is made up of contractile sarcomeres. The contraction of the skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments. ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation are necessary for the filaments to slide. Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions. The kidney and osmoregulation (HL ONLY) 11.3 Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers. The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes. The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein. The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration. The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substances by active transport. The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla. ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct. The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals. The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat. Sexual reproduction (HL ONLY) 11.4 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis and differentiation. Processes in spermatogenesis and oogenesis result in different numbers of gametes with different amounts of cytoplasm. Fertilization in animals can be internal or external. Fertilization involves mechanisms that prevent polyspermy. Implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium is essential for the continuation of pregnancy. HCG stimulates the ovary to secrete progesterone during early pregnancy. The placenta facilitates the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus. Estrogen and progesterone are secreted by the placenta once it has formed. Birth is mediated by positive feedback involving estrogen and oxytocin. Options As a part of the IB Biology class, you'll cover one additional subject from the options below. (Typically you don’t choose, but rather your teacher does.) Whichever option you or your teacher chooses, you'll cover three or four topics (15 hours total) for SL and an additional two or three topics (25 hours total) for HL. Option A: Neurobiology and Behaviour- 15 Hours for SL and 25 hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Neural development A.1 The neural tube of embryonic chordates is formed by infolding of ectoderm followed by elongation of the tube. Neurons are initially produced by differentiation in the neural tube. Immature neurons migrate to a final location. An axon grows from each immature neuron in response to chemical stimuli. Some axons extend beyond the neural tube to reach other parts of the body. A developing neuron forms multiple synapses. Synapses that are not used do not persist. Neural pruning involves the loss of unused neurons. The plasticity of the nervous system allows it to change with experience. The human brain A.2 The anterior part of the neural tube expands to form the brain. Different parts of the brain have specific roles. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes in the body using centres located mainly in the brain stem. The cerebral cortex forms a larger proportion of the brain and is more highly developed in humans than other animals. The human cerebral cortex has become enlarged principally by an increase in total area with extensive folding to accommodate it within the cranium. The cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher order functions. The left cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from sensory receptors in the right side of the body and the right side of the visual field in both eyes and vice versa for the right hemisphere. The left cerebral hemisphere controls muscle contraction in the right side of the body and vice versa for the right hemisphere. Brain metabolism requires large energy inputs. Perception of stimuli A.3 Receptors detect changes in the environment. Rods and cones are photoreceptors located in the retina. Rods and cones differ in their sensitivities to light intensities and wavelengths. Bipolar cells send the impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells. Ganglion cells send messages to the brain via the optic nerve. The information from the right field of vision from both eyes is sent to the left part of the visual cortex and vice versa. Structures in the middle ear transmit and amplify sound. Sensory hairs of the cochlea detect sounds of specific wavelengths. Impulses caused by sound perception are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect movement of the head. Additional HL Neurobiology and Behaviour Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Innate and learned behaviour (HL ONLY) A.4 Innate behaviour is inherited from parents and so develops independently of the environment. Autonomic and involuntary responses are referred to as reflexes. Reflex arcs comprise the neurons that mediate reflexes. Reflex conditioning involves forming new associations. Learned behaviour develops as a result of experience. Imprinting is learning occurring at a particular life stage and is independent of the consequences of behaviour. Operant conditioning is a form of learning that consists of trial and error experiences. Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge. Memory is the process of encoding, storing and accessing information. Neuropharmacology (HL ONLY) A.5 Some neurotransmitters excite nerve impulses in postsynaptic neurons and others inhibit them. Nerve impulses are initiated or inhibited in post-synaptic neurons as a result of summation of all excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters received from presynaptic neurones. Many different slow-acting neurotransmitters modulate fast synaptic transmission in the brain. Memory and learning involve changes in neurones caused by slow-acting neurotransmitters. Psychoactive drugs affect the brain by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission. Anesthetics act by interfering with neural transmission between areas of sensory perception and the CNS. Stimulant drugs mimic the stimulation provided by the sympathetic nervous system. Addiction can be affected by genetic predisposition, social environment and dopamine secretion. Ethology (HL ONLY) A.6 Ethology is the study of animal behaviour in natural conditions. Natural selection can change the frequency of observed animal behaviour. Behaviour that increases the chances of survival and reproduction will become more prevalent in a population. Learned behaviour can spread through a population or be lost from it more rapidly than innate behaviour. Option B: Biotechnology and Bioinformatics- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Microbiology: organisms in industry B.1 Microorganisms are metabolically diverse. Microorganisms are used in industry because they are small and have a fast growth rate. Pathway engineering optimizes genetic and regulatory processes within microorganisms. Pathway engineering is used industrially to produce metabolites of interest. Fermenters allow large-scale production of metabolites by microorganisms. Fermentation is carried out by batch or continuous culture. Microorganisms in fermenters become limited by their own waste products. Probes are used to monitor conditions within fermenters. Conditions are maintained at optimal levels for the growth of the microorganisms being cultured. Biotechnology in agriculture B.2 Transgenic organisms produce proteins that were not previously part of their species’ proteome. Genetic modification can be used to overcome environmental resistance to increase crop yields. Genetically modified crop plants can be used to produce novel products. Bioinformatics plays a role in identifying target genes. The target gene is linked to other sequences that control its expression. An open reading frame is a significant length of DNA from a start codon to a stop codon. Marker genes are used to indicate successful uptake. Recombinant DNA must be inserted into the plant cell and taken up by its chromosome or chloroplast DNA. Recombinant DNA can be introduced into whole plants, leaf discs or protoplasts. Recombinant DNA can be introduced by direct physical and chemical methods or indirectly by vectors. Environmental protection B.3 Responses to pollution incidents can involve bioremediation combined with physical and chemical procedures. Microorganisms are used in bioremediation. Some pollutants are metabolized by microorganisms. Cooperative aggregates of microorganisms can form biofilms. Biofilms possess emergent properties. Microorganisms growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Microorganisms in biofilms cooperate through quorum sensing. Bacteriophages are used in the disinfection of water systems. Additional HL Biotechnology and Bioinfomatics Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Medicine (HL ONLY) B.4 Infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of its genetic material or by its antigens. Predisposition to a genetic disease can be detected through the presence of markers. DNA microarrays can be used to test for genetic predisposition or to diagnose the disease. Metabolites that indicate disease can be detected in blood and urine. Tracking experiments are used to gain information about the localization and interaction of a desired protein. Biopharming uses genetically modified animals and plants to produce proteins for therapeutic use. Viral vectors can be used in gene therapy. Bioinformatics (HL ONLY) B.5 Databases allow scientists easy access to information. The body of data stored in databases is increasing exponentially. BLAST searches can identify similar sequences in different organisms. Gene function can be studied using model organisms with similar sequences. Sequence alignment software allows comparison of sequences from different organisms. BLASTn allows nucleotide sequence alignment while BLASTp allows protein alignment. Databases can be searched to compare newly identified sequences with sequences of known function in other organisms. Multiple sequence alignment is used in the study of phylogenetics. EST is an expressed sequence tag that can be used to identify potential genes. Option C: Ecology and Conservation- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Species and communities C.1 The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors. Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species. Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species. Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect. Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical. Communities and ecosystems C.2 Most species occupy different trophic levels in multiple food chains. A food web shows all the possible food chains in a community. The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the respiration rate. The type of stable ecosystem that will emerge in an area is predictable based on climate. In closed ecosystems energy but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings. Disturbance influences the structure and rate of change within ecosystems. Impacts of humans on ecosystems C.3 Introduced alien species can escape into local ecosystems and become invasive. Competitive exclusion and the absence of predators can lead to reduction in the numbers of endemic species when alien species become invasive. Pollutants become concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels by biomagnification. Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments. Conservation of biodiversity C.4 An indicator species is an organism used to assess a specific environmental condition. Relative numbers of indicator species can be used to calculate the value of a biotic index. In situ conservation may require active management of nature reserves or national parks. Ex situ conservation is the preservation of species outside their natural habitats. Biogeographic factors affect species diversity. Richness and evenness are components of biodiversity. Additional HL Ecology and Conservation Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Population ecology (HL ONLY) C.5 Sampling techniques are used to estimate population size. The exponential growth pattern occurs in an ideal, unlimited environment. Population growth slows as a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment. The phases shown in the sigmoid curve can be explained by relative rates of natality, mortality, immigration and emigration. Limiting factors can be top down or bottom up. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (HL ONLY) C.6 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Rhizobium associates with roots in a mutualistic relationship. In the absence of oxygen denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate in the soil. Phosphorus can be added to the phosphorus cycle by application of fertilizer or removed by the harvesting of agricultural crops. The rate of turnover in the phosphorus cycle is much lower than the nitrogen cycle. Availability of phosphate may become limiting to agriculture in the future. Leaching of mineral nutrients from agricultural land into rivers causes eutrophication and leads to increased biochemical oxygen demand. Option D: Human Physiology- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Human nutrition D.1 Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body, therefore they have to be included in the diet. Dietary minerals are essential chemical elements. Vitamins are chemically diverse carbon compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body. Some fatty acids and some amino acids are essential. Lack of essential amino acids affects the production of proteins. Malnutrition may be caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet. Appetite is controlled by a centre in the hypothalamus. Overweight individuals are more likely to suffer hypertension and type II diabetes. Starvation can lead to breakdown of body tissue. Digestion D.2 Nervous and hormonal mechanisms control the secretion of digestive juices. Exocrine glands secrete to the surface of the body or the lumen of the gut. The volume and content of gastric secretions are controlled by nervous and hormonal mechanisms. Acid conditions in the stomach favour some hydrolysis reactions and help to control pathogens in ingested food. The structure of cells of the epithelium of the villi is adapted to the absorption of food. The rate of transit of materials through the large intestine is positively correlated with their fibre content. Materials not absorbed are egested. Functions of the liver D.3 The liver removes toxins from the blood and detoxifies them. Components of red blood cells are recycled by the liver. The breakdown of erythrocytes starts with phagocytosis of red blood cells by Kupffer cells. Iron is carried to the bone marrow to produce hemoglobin in new red blood cells. Surplus cholesterol is converted to bile salts. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in hepatocytes produce plasma proteins. The liver intercepts blood from the gut to regulate nutrient levels. Some nutrients in excess can be stored in the liver. The heart D.4 Structure of cardiac muscle cells allows propagation of stimuli through the heart wall. Signals from the sinoatrial node that cause contraction cannot pass directly from atria to ventricles. There is a delay between the arrival and passing on of a stimulus at the atrioventricular node. This delay allows time for atrial systole before the atrioventricular valves close. Conducting fibres ensure coordinated contraction of the entire ventricle wall. Normal heart sounds are caused by the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves closing causing changes in blood flow. Additional HL Human Physiology Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Hormones and metabolism (HL ONLY) D.5 Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Steroid hormones bind to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm of the target cell to form a receptor–hormone complex. The receptor–hormone complex promotes the transcription of specific genes. Peptide hormones bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell. Binding of hormones to membrane receptors activates a cascade mediated by a second messenger inside the cell. The hypothalamus controls hormone secretion by the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Hormones secreted by the pituitary control growth, developmental changes, reproduction and homeostasis. Transport of respiratory gases (HL ONLY) D.6 Oxygen dissociation curves show the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Carbon dioxide is carried in solution and bound to hemoglobin in the blood. Carbon dioxide is transformed in red blood cells into hydrogencarbonate ions. The Bohr shift explains the increased release of oxygen by hemoglobin in respiring tissues. Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood pH. The rate of ventilation is controlled by the respiratory control centre in the medulla oblongata. During exercise the rate of ventilation changes in response to the amount of CO2 in the blood. Fetal hemoglobin is different from adult hemoglobin allowing the transfer of oxygen in the placenta onto the fetal hemoglobin. Practical Scheme of Work You also need to complete experiments and experimental reports as a part of any IB Science course. For SL, there is 40 hours of material. For HL, there is 60 hours of material. Here are the activities: Practical activities: 20 hours for SL and 40 hours for HL Lab work in class counts towards these hours Individual investigation (internal assessment-IA): 10 hours for SL and HL A lab project along with a report that counts as 20% of your IB exam scores (written exam counts for the other 80%) Group 4 Project:10 hours for SL and HL Students are separated into groups and must conduct an experiment and write a report. Experiments may not be this cool. What’s Next? Thinking about taking AP Biology instead? Learn what's covered in a AP Bio here. Looking for more in-depth explorations of the topics mentioned on this syllabus? Read our subject-specific articles on topics varying from the photosynthesis equation to homologous and analogous structures to cell biology (including cell theory, enzymes, and how the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum work). Are you hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Studying for the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT. Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Unauthorized Practice of Law by Legal Assistants and Paralegals Research Paper

Unauthorized Practice of Law by Legal Assistants and Paralegals - Research Paper Example The ABA adopted in 1997 the following definition:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A legal assistant or paralegal is a person qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible.†   The ABA adopted in 1997 the following definition:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A legal assistant or paralegal is a person qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible.†   According to the National Association of Legal Assistants, or NALA, certain standard determines the qualifications of a paralegal (http://www.nala.org/98model.htm).   To be accredited a paralegal or legal assistant, one has to undertake the following:   1. Successful completion of the Certified Legal Assistant (CLA)/Certified Paralegal (CP) certifying examination of the National Association of Legal Assistants, Inc.;2. Graduation from an ABA approved a program of study for legal assistants;3. Graduation from a course of study for legal assistants which is institutionally accredited but not ABA approved, and which requires not less than the equivalent of 60 semester hours of classroom study;4. Graduation from a course of study for legal assistants, other than those set forth in (2) and (3) above, plus not less than six months of in-house training as a legal assistant;5. A baccalaureate degree in any field, plus not less than six months in-house training as a legal assistant;6. A minimum of three years of law-related experience under the supervision of an attorney, including at least six months of in-house training as a legal assistant; or7. Two years of in-house training as a legal assistant.   For purposes of these Standards, "in-house trainin g as a legal assistant" means attorney education of the employee concerning legal assistant duties. In addition to the review and analysis of assignments, the legal assistant should receive a reasonable amount of instruction directly related to the duties and obligations of the legal assistant.

Protection of wages Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protection of wages - Case Study Example Protection of Wages: The General conference of International Labour Organisation, has been convened at Geneva on 8th June 1949.As per C95- Protection of Wages Convention 1949, the employee has several protections. Some of the relevant articles are discussed here:As per Article 4, National laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitration awards may authorise the partial payment of wages in the form of allowances in kind in industries or occupations in which payment in the form of such allowances is customary or desirable because of the nature of the industry or occupation concerned. Under this article it is stressed that the allowance is required to be appropriate for the benefit of the employee and the amount of such allowance shall be fair and justified. In case an employer is paying some allowance to the employee, which is more than the justified payment, then the employer can deduct such payment.Article 8 states that the deduction from wages by the employer is permitted o nly under the regulatory control of the national laws or as decided by the arbitration award. Workers shall be informed about the most appropriate reasons and conditions applicable for such kind of deductions. It is obvious that no employer has the authority to deduct the wages if there is no such provision made by the national regulation or by arbitration. Without informing the reasons of deductions, the employer has no authority to deduct the wages. (â€Å"Protection of Wages Convention 1949†, n.d.)The legal restrictions on the deduction of payment are as follows: ... boarding, lodging as governed by the employment standards (d) advance pay recovery or erroneous pay correction (e) any deduction, agreed by the employee, which benefits the employee. An employee can deduct the cost of tools from the wages of the employee - (a) If it is a precondition in the employment that the employee must own the special tools, then the supply of such tools by the employer, makes the deductions from wages as an appropriate measure. (b) The employee may be using the tools for job at other employers. (c) The tools may be available from other suppliers but the employee bought it from the employer. The employer cannot make any deductions towards the safety and health legislation. Any equipment, clothing required to be worn by the employee for personal safety must be supplied by the employer at its own cost. Cost of safety equipments and clothing are directly beneficial to the employer, that's why they are not deducted from the wages of employee. ("Deductions from wages", n.d.) Equal Pay: Employers must offer equal pay to men and women irrespective of gender: (a) if they are employed for similar or "like work" (b) if the job evaluation treats both kind of jobs as equivalent. (c) the value of work is recognized equal. As per the employment terms equal work shall offer equal payment irrespective of gender. An individual employee has the protection of claim under Equal Pay Act 1970 in an employment Tribunal. The employee can seek for the claim within six months after leaving the employment. ("Rights at work", n.d.) The employees are protected by the UK registered ship contracts: Under this contract or legislation, the wage of an employee is